Abstract
The global water scarcity issue, which is being intensified (or worsening) due to climate change and rising industrial demand, poses a significant threat to sustainable development. In response to this pressure, water-intensive industries such as petrochemical refining, pulp and paper, and food processing are adopting targets based on the principles of the circular economy and zero liquid discharge. Water Pinch Analysis (WPA) is recognized as one of the most effective systematic methodologies for achieving these objectives. This study provides a comprehensive review of the WPA methodology by synthesizing extensive literature on its theoretical background, historical development and practical application. The methodology has evolved from its origins in mass balance principles to the more holistic approaches that are evident today. The study also underscores certain limitations, including the single-contaminant assumption, steady-state calculations, and the fact that achieving the minimum water target does not always result in the minimum total annualized cost. Despite these limitations, case studies demonstrate the potential of WPA to achieve freshwater savings in industrial applications. It is concluded that, when combined with economic optimization and energy-water-carbon nexus analyses, WPA is a central and proven tool for improving industrial resource efficiency. Consequently, it is recommended that industries implement WPA not merely as a standalone targeting tool but within a holistic Energy-Water-Carbon Nexus framework, prioritizing designs that balance theoretical freshwater minimization with realistic economic constraints to ensure long-term viability.
Keywords: Water Pinch Analysis (WPA); Water minimization; Industrial water management; Circular Economy.
